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AJP - Renal Physiology, Vol 259, Issue 5 847-F858, Copyright © 1990 by American Physiological Society
ARTICLES |
T. Moriyama, A. Garcia-Perez and M. B. Burg
Laboratory of Kidney and Electrolyte Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
Renal medullary cells contain high concentrations of sorbitol, inositol, glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC), and betaine, which balance the variably high osmolality of extracellular NaCl. We found that PAP-HT25 (rabbit renal medullary) cells in tissue culture increase their content of all four when medium osmolality is increased by adding NaCl and urea. However, this requires that betaine be added to medium in addition to customary constituents. Some factors affecting the mix of organic osmolytes in these cells during hypertonicity are as follows. 1) Urea in medium increases cell GPC and tends to decrease others, particularly betaine. 2) With small increases in medium NaCl, intracellular inositol is highest, whereas sorbitol predominates with large NaCl increases. 3) When osmolality is suddenly decreased, these four organic osmolytes exit rapidly from cells, but in differing relative amounts (betaine much greater than sorbitol greater than inositol much greater than GPC). 4) Altering cell betaine levels (by varying betaine in medium) causes reciprocal changes in cell sorbitol (by affecting aldose reductase activity) and vice versa, whereas inositol and GPC are less affected. 5) Raising medium glucose concentration (from which sorbitol is synthesized) increases cell sorbitol and decreases cell inositol and betaine. 6) Decreasing the amount of GPC in cells (by removing choline from medium) causes small changes in betaine and sorbitol, but not in inositol. Changing the amount of inositol does not affect the others. Similar interrelations may operate in vivo to vary the mix of organic osmolytes in renal medulla.
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  M. B. Burg, J. D. Ferraris, and N. I. Dmitrieva Cellular Response to Hyperosmotic Stresses Physiol Rev, October 1, 2007; 87(4): 1441 - 1474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Q. Cai, J. D. Ferraris, and M. B. Burg Greater tolerance of renal medullary cells for a slow increase in osmolality is associated with enhanced expression of HSP70 and other osmoprotective genes Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, January 1, 2004; 286(1): F58 - F67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Tian and D. M. Cohen Urea inhibits hypertonicity-inducible TonEBP expression and action Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, May 1, 2001; 280(5): F904 - F912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Sheikh-Hamad, D. Rouse, and Y. Yang Regulation of stanniocalcin in MDCK cells by hypertonicity and extracellular calcium Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, March 1, 2000; 278(3): F417 - F424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. J. Stevens, Y. Hosaka, J. A. Masterson, S. M. Jones, T. P. Thomas, and D. D. Larkin Downregulation of the human taurine transporter by glucose in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 1999; 277(4): E760 - E771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. J. Cowin, S. Crozier, Z. H. Endre, I. A. Leditschke, and I. M. Brereton Cortical and medullary betaine-GPC modulated by osmolality independently of oxygen in the intact kidney Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 1999; 277(3): F338 - F346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. B. Burg, E. M. Peters, K. M. Bohren, and K. H. Gabbay Factors affecting counteraction by methylamines of urea effects on aldose reductase PNAS, May 25, 1999; 96(11): 6517 - 6522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Z. Zhang, X.-Y. Yang, and D. M. Cohen Hypotonicity activates transcription through ERK-dependent and -independent pathways in renal cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, October 1, 1998; 275(4): C1104 - C1112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. B. Burg and E. M. Peters Effects of glycine betaine and glycerophosphocholine on thermal stability of ribonuclease Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, April 1, 1998; 274(4): F762 - F765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. LANG, G. L. BUSCH, M. RITTER, H. VOLKL, S. WALDEGGER, E. GULBINS, and D. HAUSSINGER Functional Significance of Cell Volume Regulatory Mechanisms Physiol Rev, January 1, 1998; 78(1): 247 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. B. Burg and E. M. Peters Urea and methylamines have similar effects on aldose reductase activity Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, December 1, 1997; 273(6): F1048 - F1053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. D. Ferraris, C. K. Williams, K.-Y. Jung, J. J. Bedford, M. B. Burg, and A. Garcia-Perez ORE, a Eukaryotic Minimal Essential Osmotic Response Element. THE ALDOSE REDUCTASE GENE IN HYPEROSMOTIC STRESS J. Biol. Chem., August 2, 1996; 271(31): 18318 - 18321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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