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Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 273: F1048-F1053, 1997;
0363-6127/97 $5.00
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AJP - Renal Physiology, Vol 273, Issue 6 1048-F1053, Copyright © 1997 by American Physiological Society

ARTICLES

Urea and methylamines have similar effects on aldose reductase activity

M. B. Burg and E. M. Peters
Laboratory of Kidney and Electrolyte Metabolism, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

The concentration of urea in renal medullary cells is sufficiently high to inhibit activity of many enzymes, yet the cells survive and function. The generally accepted explanation is the counteracting osmolytes hypothesis, which holds that methylamines, such as glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) and glycine betaine (betaine), found in the renal medulla stabilize biological macromolecules and oppose the effects of urea. The present study tests this hypothesis by determining the effects of urea and methylamines, singly and in combination, on the activity of aldose reductase, an enzyme that is important in renal medullas for catalyzing production of sorbitol from glucose. In apparent contradiction to the counteracting osmolytes hypothesis, urea (1.0 M) and three different methylamines (trimethylamine N-oxide, betaine, and GPC; 0.5 M) all have similar and partially additive inhibitory effects. They all decrease substantially both the Michaelis constant (K(m)) and the maximum velocity (Vmax). Also a high concentration (0.5 M) of other organic osmolytes that are abundant in the renal medulla, namely inositol, sorbitol, or taurine, has a similar but lesser effect. KCl (0.3 M) causes a small increase in activity. We discuss the significance of these findings with regard to function of aldose reductase in the renal medulla and the counteracting osmolytes hypothesis.


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31P and 1H NMR Studies of the Effect of the Counteracting Osmolyte Trimethylamine-N-oxide on Interactions of Urea with Ribonuclease A
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