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Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 278: F1-F12, 2000;
0363-6127/00 $5.00
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Vol. 278, Issue 1, F1-F12, January 2000

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE FORUM
Acute renal failure. II. Experimental models of acute renal failure: imperfect but indispensable

Edited by: Wilfred Lieberthal1, and Sanjay K. Nigam2

1 Renal Section, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston 02118; and 2 Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115

Acute renal failure (ARF) due to ischemic1 or toxic renal injury, a clinical syndrome traditionally referred to as acute tubular necrosis (ATN), is a common disease with a high overall mortality of ~50%. Little progress has been made since the advent of dialysis more than 30 years ago in improving this outcome. During this same period, a considerable amount of basic research has been devoted to elucidating the pathophysiology of ATN. The ultimate goal of this research is to facilitate the development of therapeutic interventions that either prevent ARF, ameliorate the severity of tubular injury following an acute ischemic or toxic renal insult, or accelerate the recovery of established ATN. This research endeavor has been highly successful in elucidating many vascular and tubular abnormalities that are likely to be involved in ischemic and toxic ARF. This information has led to impressive advances in the development of a number of different pharmacological interventions that are highly effective in ameliorating the renal dysfunction in animal models of ARF. Although these developments are exciting and promising, enthusiasm of investigators involved in this endeavor has been tempered somewhat by the results of a few recent clinical studies of patients with ATN. These trials, designed to examine the efficacy in humans of some of the interventions effective in animal models of ARF, have resulted in little or no benefit. This is therefore an important time to reevaluate the approaches we have taken over the past three to four decades to develop new and effective treatments for ATN in humans. The major goals of this review are 1) to evaluate the relevance and utility of the experimental models currently available to study ischemic and toxic renal injury, 2) to suggest novel experimental approaches and models that have the potential to provide advantages over methods currently available, 3) to discuss ways of integrating results obtained from different experimental models of acute renal injury and of evaluating the relevance of these findings to ATN in humans, and 4) to discuss the difficulties inherent in clinical studies of ATN and to suggest how studies should be best designed to overcome these problems.

acute tubular necrosis; ischemia; nephrotoxins; renal artery occlusion; cultured cells; isolated proximal tubules

1 Second in a series of invited articles on controversies related to acute renal failure.   The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.




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