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EDITORIAL FOCUS

Grp78 is essential for 11-deoxy-16,16-dimethyl PGE₂-mediated cytoprotection in renal epithelial cells

¹Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0207; ²Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin 78712; ³University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957; and ⁴Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, Indiana 46140

Submitted 19 January 2004 ; accepted in final form 25 June 2004

11-Deoxy-16,16-dimethyl PGE₂ (DDM-PGE₂) protects renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (LLC-PK₁) against the toxicity induced by 2,3,5-tris(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone (TGHQ), a potent nephrotoxic and nephrocarcinogenic metabolite of hydroquinone. We have now determined the ability of DDM-PGE₂ to protect against other renal toxicants and report that DDM-PGE₂ only protects against oncotic cell death, induced by H₂O₂, iodoacetamide, and TGHQ, but not against apoptotic cell death induced by cisplatin, mercuric chloride, or tumor necrosis factor-. DDM-PGE₂-mediated cytoprotection is associated with the upregulation of at least five proteins, including the major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78). To elucidate the role of Grp78 in oncotic cell death, we used LLC-PK₁ cells in which induction of grp78 expression was disrupted by stable expression of an antisense grp78 RNA (pkASgrp78). As anticipated, DDM-PGE₂ failed to induce Grp78 in pkASgrp78 cells, with a concomitant inability to provide cytoprotection. In contrast, DDM-PGE₂ induced Grp78 and afforded cytoprotection against H₂O₂, iodoacetamide, and TGHQ in empty vector transfected cells (pkNEO). These data suggest that Grp78 plays an essential role in DDM-PGE₂-mediated cytoprotection. Moreover, TGHQ-induced p38 MAPK activation is disrupted under conditions of a compromised ER stress response in pkASgrp78 cells, which likely contributes to the loss of cytoprotection. Finally, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, we found that DDM-PGE₂ induced several proteins in pkNEO cells, but not in pkASgrp78 cells, including retinol-binding protein, myosin light chain, and heat shock protein 27. The findings suggest that additional proteins may act in concert with Grp78 during DDM-PGE₂-mediated cytoprotection against oncotic cell death.

quinone-thioether; endoplasmic reticulum stress; heat shock protein 27; thromboxane receptor; proteomics

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