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Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 291: F271-F281, 2006. First published March 22, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00071.2006
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INVITED REVIEW

Hypoxia-inducible factors in the kidney

Volker H. Haase

Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Tissue hypoxia not only occurs under pathological conditions but is also an important microenvironmental factor that is critical for normal embryonic development. Hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1 and HIF-2 are oxygen-sensitive basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, which regulate biological processes that facilitate both oxygen delivery and cellular adaptation to oxygen deprivation. HIFs consist of an oxygen-sensitive {alpha}-subunit, HIF-{alpha}, and a constitutively expressed beta-subunit, HIF-beta, and regulate the expression of genes that are involved in energy metabolism, angiogenesis, erythropoiesis and iron metabolism, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. Under conditions of normal PO2, HIF-{alpha} is hydroxylated and targeted for rapid proteasomal degradation by the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3-ubiquitin ligase. When cells experience hypoxia, HIF-{alpha} is stabilized and either dimerizes with HIF-beta in the nucleus to form transcriptionally active HIF, executing the canonical hypoxia response, or it physically interacts with unrelated proteins, thereby enabling convergence of HIF oxygen sensing with other signaling pathways. In the normal, fully developed kidney, HIF-1{alpha} is expressed in most cell types, whereas HIF-2{alpha} is mainly found in renal interstitial fibroblast-like cells and endothelial cells. This review summarizes some of the most recent advances in the HIF field and discusses their relevance to renal development, normal kidney function and disease.

erythropoiesis; renal ischemia-reperfusion injury; renal fibrosis; renal cell cancer


Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: V. H. Haase, Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 700 CRB, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6144 (e-mail: vhaase{at}mail.med.upenn.edu)




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