AJP - Renal AJP citation statistics
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 287: F262-F267, 2004. First published April 20, 2004; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00055.2004
0363-6127/04 $5.00
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
287/2/F262    most recent
00055.2004v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (34)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Vehaskari, V. M.
Right arrow Articles by Manning, J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Vehaskari, V. M.
Right arrow Articles by Manning, J.

Kidney angiotensin and angiotensin receptor expression in prenatally programmed hypertension

V. Matti Vehaskari,1,2 Tyrus Stewart,1,2 Derek Lafont,1,2 Christopher Soyez,2 Dale Seth,3 and Jennifer Manning1,2

1The Research Institute for Children, New Orleans 70118; 2Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans 70112; and 3Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112

Submitted 17 February 2004 ; accepted in final form 13 April 2004


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 GRANTS
 REFERENCES
 
Adult hypertension may be programmed by the prenatal environment in humans and in experimental animals. The potential role of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in prenatally programmed hypertension was investigated. Hypertension in rat offspring was induced by maternal protein restriction during pregnancy. The offspring were studied on day 1 of life and immediately preceding the development of hypertension on day 28. ANG I and II contents were determined by radioimmunoassy. Angiotensin receptor protein and mRNA levels were quantified by immunoblotting and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Plasma and kidney ANG I and II were unchanged in the offspring from low-protein pregnancies (LP). ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) protein abundance was low in the newborn LP kidney (P < 0.05) but rose above control values by 28 days of age (P < 0.05); the rise was associated with an increase in AT1R subtype A (P < 0.01), but not subtype B, mRNA level. ANG II type 2 receptor protein expression was decreased on day 1 (P < 0.05) and increased on day 28 (P < 0.05) in LP kidneys. The results show that prenatal programming of hypertension is associated with an abnormal pattern of intrarenal RAS ontogeny that may play a pathogenetic role, for instance, by constitutively altering renal hemodynamics or Na reabsorption.

fetal origins of adult disease; kidney ontogeny; low-protein diet

THE CONCEPT OF "PRENATAL PROGRAMMING of adult disease" refers to modulation of future adult phenotype by nongenetic environmental factors in utero. Programming of hypertension is the most extensively studied example of prenatal programming. Both epidemiological data (2, 7, 8, 19, 24) and experimental studies (18, 22, 36, 39) have provided strong evidence that prenatal environment can modify adult blood pressure. The development of hypertension has been linked to intrauterine growth retardation in humans (1, 2, 7, 8, 19, 24) and rats (18, 22, 36, 39), suggesting a common mechanism despite species differences. In experimental animals, maternal protein (18, 36, 39) and calorie (38) restriction and maternal dexamethasone treatment (9, 29) have been used to program adult hypertension in offspring.

The mechanisms of the development of hypertension in offspring are unclear. Although other mechanisms such as a disordered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis have been proposed (34), there is strong evidence to support a role for the kidney in the pathogenesis. Several studies have documented a deficit in the total number of nephrons in experimental programming of hypertension (17, 36, 39). A recent study of humans with essential hypertension also reported a decrease in the nephron count (15), consistent with the hypothesis that congenital nephron deficit has a role in essential hypertension (4). On the other hand, we reported upregulation in renal sodium (Na) transporters in prenatally programmed hypertension in rats (21).

Several studies have described abnormalities in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in prenatally programmed hypertension (18, 36, 39), but their role in the pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. Circulating plasma renin activity (PRA) or concentration has been reported as either increased (18), unchanged (39), or decreased (36) in prenatally programmed hypertension. Our previous study, examining PRA longitudinally, clarified the issue by showing a suppressed PRA in the newborn, with a gradual postnatal rise to supranormal values; the high values, however, were observed only after hypertension was established, casting doubt on the role of circulating renin in the pathogenesis (22).

Because activation of intrarenal RAS may occur independently of systemic RAS (26) and may be the cause of hypertension in low-renin states such as diabetes (13), the present study was undertaken to explore the role of intrarenal ANG II and its receptors in a rat model of prenatally programmed hypertension. Our previous studies showed that the offspring in our model are normotensive at the age of 4 wk but that they become progressively more hypertensive beginning at 6 to 8 wk of age (22, 36). For that reason, we chose the ages of 1 day and 4 wk to investigate the potential role of the intrarenal RAS in the pathogenesis, with the assumption that the results are not confounded by secondary effects of the hypertension while the mechanisms resulting in the development of hypertension would be detectable at the prehypertensive stage.


   METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 GRANTS
 REFERENCES
 
Animals. Sprague-Dawley rats (Harlan, Indianapolis, IN) were used for all experiments. Timed pregnant rats arrived at our facility on day 10 of pregnancy and were housed in a temperature-controlled 12:12-h light-dark environment. After a 48-h acclimatization period, they were placed on either a low-protein (6% by weight) or on isocaloric standard protein (20%) diet (Purina Mills Test Diets, Richmond, IN) as previously described (36). The dams were allowed to deliver. No premature deliveries or immediate postnatal abnormalities in the pups were observed. The birth weights of the pups from protein-restricted pregnancies (LP) were ~15% lower than those from control pregnancies, consistent with our previous observations (22, 36). At birth, all litters were reduced to 8–10 pups; the extra pups were killed and their kidneys were harvested as described below. After birth, all dams were on a standard 20% protein diet and were allowed to nurse their own offspring until weaning at 21 days of age. After being weaned, the offspring were given the standard 20% protein diet and water ad libitum.

Specimens were harvested from the offspring killed at birth and at 28 days of age. The animals used for renal RNA and protein isolation were killed with a lethal dose (100 mg/kg) of intraperitoneal pentobarbital sodium. The 28-day-old rats used for ANG I and II determination were killed by guillotine decapitation. Each experimental group included pups from at least three different litters. Additional pups from each litter were allowed to reach the age of 8 wk and the LP offspring were shown to develop hypertension as previously described by us (22, 36).

The study protocol was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committees of Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and the Research Institute for Children. The American Physiological Society’s "Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Animals" were followed.

Protein quantification. The abundances of ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and ANG II type 2 receptor (AT2R) were determined by semiquantitative immunoblotting as previously described (21). Briefly, for total protein isolation, one kidney was cut into small pieces, homogenized in ice-cold isolation solution of 250 mM sucrose, 10 mM triethanolamine, 1 µg/ml leupeptin, and 0.1 mg/ml phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, centrifuged, and the pellet was discarded. Final protein concentration was adjusted to 2 µg/ml and the samples were solubilized in Laemmli sample buffer. Importantly, an initial preloading SDS-PAGE gel, stained with Coomassie blue, was done for each set of samples to confirm equal loading among samples (21). After subsequent SDS-PAGE on 10% polyacrylamide gels, the bands were transferred electrophoretically to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, blocked with 5% milk, probed overnight at 4°C with the desired primary antibody, and then incubated with secondary antibody. The bands were visualized by chemiluminescence (SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration Substrate, Pierce Biotechnology), exposed with the Versa Doc Imaging System (Bio-Rad Life Sciences), and analyzed by Quantity One software (Bio-Rad Life Sciences). The readings of LP samples were normalized to those of the control samples.

The rabbit anti-AT1R and goat anti-AT2R antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Anti-AT1R is known to recognize both of the rodent AT1R subtypes, subtype A (AT1RA) and subtype B (AT1RB). The specificity of each antibody was determined by showing elimination of the band by a blocking peptide. The secondary antibody for anti-AT1R was goat anti-rabbit IgG (Pierce Biotechnology) and that for anti-AT2R was donkey anti-goat IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

mRNA quantification by real-time RT-PCR. Small pieces from freshly harvested kidneys were immediately placed in RNA-preserving solution (RNAlater, Ambion). Total RNA was then isolated using TRIzol Reagent (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The RNA was treated with DNase I (Ambion) to eliminate contamination by genomic DNA, and the final RNA concentration was standardized to 0.75 µg/µl. The integrity of the RNA was assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis.

One-step real-time RT-PCR was carried out on a real-time thermal cycler (iCycler, Bio-Rad Life Sciences) using a QuantiTect SYBR Green RT-PCR kit (Qiagen). The method allows the reverse transcription and PCR to be carried out in a single step in the same reaction tube. The fluorescent dye SYBR Green I is included in the PCR master mix; in addition, the reaction was spiked with 0.5 µl of 1 µM fluorescein for background reference. The threshold cycle number (Ct) for real-time PCR was set by the cycler software.

PCR primers (18 to 22 bp) for AT1RA, AT1RB, AT2R, and GAPDH were designed using commercial software (Beacon Designer, Bio-Rad Life Sciences) to produce an amplicon length of 75–150 bp. Optimal primer concentration for PCR was determined separately for each primer pair. Each reaction was run in triplicate, and reaction tubes with target primers and those with GAPDH primers were always included in the same PCR run. To test primer efficiencies, the one-step RT-PCR was run with each target primer/GAPDH primer combination on an mRNA template dilution series up to a dilution factor of 1:100. The {Delta}Ct {Ct[target] – Ct[GAPDH]} over the dilution range was constant for each primer pair, indicating equal primer efficiencies of the target and reference (GAPDH) primers, as required for the comparative Ct method (20).

Relative quantification was achieved by the comparative 2–{Delta}{Delta}Ct method (20). The relative increase/decrease (fold-induction/repression) of mRNA of target x in the experimental group (LP) was calculated using the control group as the calibrator: 2–{Delta}{Delta}Ct, where {Delta}{Delta}Ct is: {Ct.x[LP] – Ct.GAPDH[LP]} – {Ct.x[control] – Ct.GAPDH[control]}.

ANG I and II determination. Plasma and kidney ANG I and ANG II contents were measured using solid-phase extraction and radioimmunoassay as previously described (41). Briefly, kidney samples were weighed, homogenized in ice-cold methanol, and centrifuged. The soluble fractions were dried and reconstituted in phosphate buffer. For plasma samples, trunk blood was collected into an inhibitor cocktail and centrifuged. Plasma and kidney samples were extracted on phenyl C18 reverse-phase bond elution columns (Varian). RIA was performed using rabbit anti-ANG I or anti-ANG II antiserum (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals) and 125I-labeled ANG I or ANG II (New England Nuclear Life Sciences) with commercially available standards (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals). Results were expressed as femtomoles per milliliter or femtomoles per gram of tissue.

Statistical methods. All results are expressed as means ± SE. Statistical comparisons were done with an unpaired t-test, and a P value of <0.05 is considered significant.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 GRANTS
 REFERENCES
 
One-day-old offspring. AT1R protein abundance was determined by immunoblotting using an antibody that recognizes both the A and B rodent subtypes of the receptor. As shown in Fig. 1A, the level was decreased in the LP kidneys when compared with control kidneys. AT1RA and AT1RB mRNA levels were measured separately using appropriate primers. AT1RA mRNA abundance was numerically but not statistically significantly lower in the LP kidneys (P = 0.058; Fig. 1B). The mRNA level of AT1RB was significantly lower in the LP group (Fig. 1C). AT2R protein abundance in the LP kidneys was significantly lower than that in the control kidneys (Fig. 2A). In contrast, the AT2R mRNA level in LP kidneys was significantly higher than that in control kidneys (Fig. 2B).



View larger version (13K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 1. Angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression in kidneys of 1-day-old offspring from control (C) and low-protein (LP) pregnancies; n = 8 in each group. A: relative AT1R protein abundance determined by immunoblotting, total of both AT1R subtypes. B: relative AT1RA mRNA content measured by real-time RT-PCR. C: relative AT1RB mRNA content.

 


View larger version (18K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 2. Angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) expression in kidneys of 1-day-old offspring; n = 8 in each group. A: relative AT2R protein abundance. B: relative AT2R mRNA content.

 
Twenty-eight-day-old offspring. The age of 28 days was chosen because it immediately precedes the development of hypertension in our model (22, 36). In contrast to the newborn period, AT1R protein abundance at this age was significantly increased in the LP group compared with that of the control group (Fig. 3A). The upregulation was corroborated by the PCR results showing a markedly increased mRNA level of the subtype A receptor in the LP pups (Fig. 3B). AT1RB mRNA content was not significantly different between the two groups (Fig. 3C). AT2R protein abundance in the kidney at this age was slightly higher in the LP group than that in the control group (Fig. 4A). However, the difference in mRNA level was not significant (Fig. 4B).



View larger version (14K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 3. AT1R expression in kidneys of 28-day-old offspring; n = 8 in each group. A: relative AT1R protein abundance, total of both subtypes. B: relative AT1RA mRNA content. C: relative AT1RB mRNA content.

 


View larger version (15K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 4. AT2R expression in kidneys of 28-day-old offspring; n = 8 in each group. A: relative AT2R protein abundance. B: relative AT2R mRNA content.

 
Systemic angiotensin levels at 28 days of age are illustrated in Fig. 5. Both ANG I and II concentrations in the plasma in the LP group were similar to those in the control group. Figure 6 shows kidney ANG I and II contents. The values of the LP group did not differ significantly from those of the control group.



View larger version (14K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 5. Plasma ANG I and ANG II concentration in 28-day-old offspring.

 


View larger version (14K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 6. Kidney ANG I and ANG II content in 28-day-old offspring.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
GRANTS
 REFERENCES
 
The present study explored the role of intrarenal ANG II and its receptors in a rat model of prenatally programmed hypertension. The most important finding was that the expression of AT1R in the kidney is upregulated at 4 wk of age. Because we previously showed that this is the period preceding the development of hypertension (22, 36), the finding may be important for the pathogenesis. Interestingly, AT1R expression at birth was suppressed and there were changes, albeit less consistent, in AT2R expression, suggesting that the ontogeny of the intrarenal RAS is altered throughout the perinatal and early postnatal period. Kidney ANG I and ANG II contents at 4 wk did not differ from those of the controls, indicating that there was no feedback downregulation of the upstream components of the intrarenal RAS in response to the increased AT1R expression.

Unlike humans, rodents have two AT1R subtypes, subtypes A and B (33). Although both subtypes are believed to be functional and to mediate similar effects of ANG II, AT1RA appears to be the predominant receptor as evidenced by mouse knockout models (6, 10, 14, 27, 35). In the present study, the upregulation of AT1R at 4 wk was seen only in AT1RA at the transcriptional level, with total AT1R (subtypes A and B combined) protein level paralleling that of AT1RA mRNA. The rise in AT1R receptor concurs with the findings of Sahajpal and Ashton (32), who reported an increase in AT1R protein at 4 wk of age in a slightly different model; their study did not distinguish between the receptor subtypes.

There is accumulating evidence that intrarenal RAS may regulate blood pressure independently of systemic RAS (25, 26, 31). Intrarenal RAS has been implicated in human low-renin hypertension, for instance, in diabetic subjects (13) and in hypertension in African-Americans (30). In experimental models, intrarenal ANG II concentration may greatly exceed systemic levels (12, 41), and the development of hypertension may be associated with activation of intrarenal RAS while the systemic RAS is suppressed (16). Our previous studies showed that prenatally programmed hypertension is responsive to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition despite low PRA (22), suggesting a role for intrarenal RAS, although an effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the bradykinin pathway is not ruled out. The present finding of upregulated intrarenal AT1R at 4 wk of age is consistent with the hypothesis that upregulation of AT1R in the kidney contributes to the development of hypertension in prenatally programmed hypertension.

The possible role of AT2R requires further study. Although hypertensive effects of RAS are believed to be mediated via AT1R, AT2R may function as a counterregulatory pathway (25). Our results show a slight increase in AT2R protein expression in LP kidneys at 4 wk without significant change in mRNA level, and in the newborn LP kidneys the protein and mRNA levels behaved in inverse fashion. The reason for the apparent discrepancy is not clear, but it may be related to the very low level of AT1R2 expression in the postnatal kidney (5).

Defining the precise mechanism by which AT1R upregulation may be involved in the programming of hypertension will require functional studies as well as localization of the intrarenal sites of upregulation. Our results show a quantitatively relatively modest upregulation of AT1R; however, in support of functional significance is the fact that the upregulation was seen at both the protein and the mRNA level. Moreover, determinations in whole kidney preparation may mask larger regional differences within the kidney. In the normal mature kidney, both AT1RA and AT1RB are expressed throughout the nephron and intarenal vasculature (23). Constitutive activation of the receptor could lead to sustained hypertension by altering renal hemodynamics and/or tubular reabsorption of Na. Because luminal ANG II has been reported to stimulate distal tubule transport, probably via AT1 receptors (3, 37), the latter possibility is supported by our previous finding of upregulated distal nephron Na transporters at the age of 4 wk (21), coinciding with the increase in AT1R in the present study.

The mechanisms leading to altered renal RAS ontogeny in prenatally programmed hypertension are not clear. The kidney exhibits both spatial and temporal developmental regulation of angiotensin receptors (28). RAS is important for normal renal development; disruption of RAS by pharmacological means (11) or by gene deletion (10, 27) results in macroscopic renal abnormalities such as hypoplastic papilla. No such anatomic abnormalities are present in the kidneys in our model of prenatal programming of hypertension (36), suggesting that the reduced AT1R expression observed in our newborn rats does not reflect total absence of RAS activity during the period of kidney development. Decreased RAS activity of shorter duration or of lesser severity could, however, explain many of the features in our model. Woods and Rasch (40) showed that treatment of neonatal rats with an AT1R antagonist results in a decreased number of nephrons and later hypertension. Therefore, although the primary mechanism of abnormal RAS ontogeny is not known, the early suppression of AT1R could lead to reduced nephron number, and the later upregulation of AT1R may be a compensatory effort to increase glomerular filtration, with the possible consequence of inappropriate upregulation of Na reabsorption.

In summary, the present study documents altered kidney RAS ontogeny in prenatally programmed hypertension. Of pathogenetic importance may be the upregulation of AT1R at 4 wk of age, coinciding with the previously documented onset of hypertension and upregulation of renal Na transporter expression in our model.


   GRANTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 GRANTS
REFERENCES
 
Support for this study was provided by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Grant 1 RO1-HL-66158 and by contract HEF(2001–06)-07 from the Health Excellence Fund of Louisiana Board of Regents.


   FOOTNOTES
 

Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: V. Matti Vehaskari, The Research Institute for Children, 200 Henry Clay Ave., New Orleans, LA 70118 (E-mail: vvehas{at}lsuhsc.edu).

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 GRANTS
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Barker DJP, Gluckman PD, Godfrey KM, Harding JE, Owens JA, and Robinson JS. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Lancet 341: 938–941, 1993.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  2. Barker DJP, Osmond C, Golding J, Kuh D, and Wadsworth MEJ. Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Br Med J 298: 564–567, 1989.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Barreto-Chaves MLM and Mello-Aires M. Effect of luminal angiotensin II and ANP on early and late distal cortical distal tubule HCO3– reabsorption. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 271: F977–F984, 1996.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Brenner BM and Chertow GM. Congenital oligonephropathy and the etiology of adult hypertension and progressive renal injury. Am J Kidney Dis 23: 171–175, 1994.[Web of Science][Medline]
  5. Cao Z, Kelly DJ, Cox A, Casley D, Forbes JM, Martinello P, Dean R, Gilbert RE, and Cooper ME. Angiotensin type 2 receptor is expressed in the adult rat kidney and promotes cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Kidney Int 58: 2437–2451, 2000.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  6. Chen X, Wenge L, Yoshida H, Tsuchida S, Nishimura H, Takemoto F, Okubo S, Fogo A, Matsusaka T, and Ichikawa I. Targeting deletion of angiotensin type 1B receptor gene in the mouse. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 272: F299–F302, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Curhan GC, Chertow GM, Willett WC, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Manson J, Speizer FE, and Stampfer MJ. Birth weight and adult hypertension and obesity in women. Circulation 94: 1310–1315, 1996.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Ascherio AL, and Stampfer MJ. Birth weight and adult hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity in US men. Circulation 94: 3246–3250, 1996.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Dodic M, May CN, Wintour EM, and Coghlan JP. An early prenatal exposure to excess glucocorticoid levels leads to hypertensive offspring in sheep. Clin Sci (Colch) 94: 149–155, 1998.[Medline]
  10. Esther C, Howard T, Marino E, Goddard J, Capecchi M, and Bernstein K. Mice lacking angiotensin converting enzyme have low blood pressure, renal pathology, and reduce male fertility. Lab Invest 74: 953–965, 1996.[Web of Science][Medline]
  11. Friberg P, Sundelin B, Bohman SO, Bobik A, Nilsson H, Wickman A, Gustafsson H, Petersen J, and Adams MA. Renin-angiotensin system in neonatal rats: induction of a renal abnormality in response to ACE inhibition or angiotensin II antagonism. Kidney Int 45: 485–492, 1994.[Web of Science][Medline]
  12. Guan S, Fox J, Mitchell KD, and Navar LG. Angiotensin and angiotensin converting enzyme tissue levels in two-kidney, one clip hypertensive rats. Hypertension 20: 763–767, 1992.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Hollenberg NK, Price DA, Fisher ND, Lansang MC, Perkins B, Gordon MS, Williams GH, and Laffel LM. Glomerular hemodynamics and the renin-angiotensin system in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 63: 72–178, 2003.[Web of Science][Medline]
  14. Ito M, Oliverio MI, Mannon PJ, Best CF, Maeda N, Smithies O, and Coffman TM. Regulation of blood pressure by the type 1A angiotensin II receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 3521–3525, 1995.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Keller G, Zimmer G, Mall G, Ritz E, and Amann K. Nephron number in patients with primary hypertension. N Engl J Med 348: 10–18, 2003.
  16. Kobori H, Nishiyama A, Abe Y, and Navar LG. Enhancement of intrarenal angiotensin in Dahl salt-sensitive rats on high salt diet. Hypertension 41: 592–597, 2003.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Langley-Evans SC, Welham SJM, and Jackson AA. Fetal exposure to a maternal low protein diet impairs nephrogenesis and promotes hypertension in the rat. Life Sci 64: 965–974, 1999.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  18. Langley-Evans SC, Welham SJM, Sherman RC, and Jackson AA. Weanling rats exposed to maternal low protein diets during discrete periods of gestation exhibit differing severity of hypertension. Clin Sci (Colch) 91: 607–615, 1996.[Medline]
  19. Law CM and Shiell AW. Is blood pressure inversely related to birth weight? The strength of evidence from systematic review of the literature. J Hypertens 14: 935–941, 1996.[Web of Science][Medline]
  20. Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2–{Delta}{Delta}Ct method. Methods 25: 402–408, 2001.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  21. Manning J, Beutler K, Knepper MA, and Vehaskari VM. Upregulation of renal BSC1 and TSC in prenatally programmed hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 283: F202–F206, 2002.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Manning J and Vehaskari VM. Low birth weight-associated adult hypertension in the rat. Pediatr Nephrol 16: 417–422, 2001.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  23. Miyata N, Park F, Li XF, and Cowley AW Jr. Distribution of angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptor subtypes in the rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 277: F437–F446, 1999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Moore VM, Cockington RA, Ryan P, and Robinson JS. The relationship between birth weight and blood pressure amplifies from childhood to adulthood. J Hypertens 17: 883–888, 1999.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  25. Moore AF, Heiderstadt NT, Huang E, Howell NL, Wang ZQ, Siragy HM, and Carey RM. Selective inhibition of the renal angiotensin type 2 receptor increases blood pressure in conscious rats. Hypertension 37: 1285–1291, 2001.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Navar LG, Harrison-Bernard LM, Nishiyama A, and Kobori H. Regulation of intrarenal angiotensin II in hypertension. Hypertension 39: 316–322, 2002.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  27. Niimura F, Labosky P, Kakuchi J, Okubo S, Yoshida H, Oikawa T, Ichiki T, Naftilan A, Fogo A, Inagami T, Hogan B, and Ichikawa I. Gene targeting in mice reveals a requirement for angiotensin in the development and maintenance of kidney morphology and growth factor regulation. J Clin Invest 66: 2947–2954, 1995.
  28. Norwood VF, Craig MR, Harris JM, and Gomez RA. Differential expression of angiotensin II receptors during early renal morphogenesis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 272: R662–R668, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Ortiz LA, Quan A, Weinberg A, and Baum M. Effect of prenatal dexamethasone on rat renal development. Kidney Int 59: 1663–1669, 2001.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  30. Price DA, Fisher ND, Lansang MC, Stevanovic R, Williams GH, and Hollenberg NK. Renal perfusion in blacks: alterations caused by insuppressibility of intrarenal renin with salt. Hypertension 40: 186–189, 2002.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Rohrwasser A, Morgan T, Dillon HF, Zhao L, Callaway CW, Hillas E, Zhang S, Cheng T, Inagami T, Ward K, Terreros DA, and Lalouel JM. Elements of a paracrine tubular renin-angiotensin system along the entire nephron. Hypertension 34: 1265–1274, 1999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  32. Sahajpal V and Ashton N. Renal function and AT1 receptor expression in young rats following intrauterine exposure to a maternal low protein diet. Clin Sci (Colch) 104: 607–614, 2003.[Medline]
  33. Sasamura H, Hein L, Krieger J, Pratt R, Kobilka B, and Dzau V. Cloning characterization and expression of 2 angiotensin receptor (AT-1) isoforms from the mouse genome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 185: 253–259, 1992.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  34. Seckl JR, Cleasby M, and Nyirenda MJ. Glucocorticoids, 11{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and fetal programming. Kidney Int 57: 1412–1417, 2000.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  35. Tsuchida S, Matsusaka T, Chen X, Okubo S, Niimura F, Nishimura J, Fogo A, Utsunomiya H, Inagami T, and Ichikawa I. Murine double nullizygotes of the angiotensin type 1A and 1B receptor genes duplicate severe abnormal phenotypes of angiotensin nullizygotes. J Clin Invest 101: 755–760, 1998.[Web of Science][Medline]
  36. Vehaskari VM, Aviles DH, and Manning J. Prenatal programming of adult hypertension in the rat. Kidney Int 59: 238–245, 2001.[Web of Science][Medline]
  37. Wang T and Giebisch G. Effects of angiotensin II on electrolyte transport in the early and late distal tubule in rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 271: F143–F149, 1996.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  38. Woodall SM, Johnston BM, Breier BH, and Gluckman PD. Chronic maternal undernutrition in the rat leads to delayed postnatal growth and elevated blood pressure in the offspring. Pediatr Res 40: 438–443, 1996.[Web of Science][Medline]
  39. Woods LL, Ingelfinger JR, Nyengaard JR, and Rasch R. Maternal protein restriction suppresses the newborn renin-angiotensin system and programs adult hypertension in rats. Pediatr Res 49: 460–467, 2001.[Web of Science][Medline]
  40. Woods L and Rasch R. Perinatal ANG II programs adult blood pressure, glomerular number, and renal function in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 275: R1593–R1599, 1998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  41. Zou LX, Imig JD, Von Thun AM, Hymel A, Ono H, and Navar LG. Receptor-mediated intrarenal angiotensin II augmentation in angiotensin II-infused rats. Hypertension 28: 669–677, 1996.[Abstract/Free Full Text]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
F. F. Mesquita, J. A. R. Gontijo, and P. A. Boer
Expression of renin-angiotensin system signalling compounds in maternal protein-restricted rats: effect on renal sodium excretion and blood pressure
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 30, 2009; (2009) gfp505v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Reproductive SciencesHome page
R. Goyal, A. Galffy, S. A. Field, C. P. Gheorghe, A. Mittal, and L. D. Longo
Maternal Protein Deprivation: Changes in Systemic Renin-Angiotensin System of the Mouse Fetus
Reproductive Sciences, September 1, 2009; 16(9): 894 - 904.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
H. A. Shaltout, J. P. Figueroa, J. C. Rose, D. I. Diz, and M. C. Chappell
Alterations in Circulatory and Renal Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in Fetal Programmed Hypertension
Hypertension, February 1, 2009; 53(2): 404 - 408.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
S. P. Gray, K. Kenna, J. F. Bertram, W. E. Hoy, E. B. Yan, A. D. Bocking, J. F. Brien, D. W. Walker, R. Harding, and K. M. Moritz
Repeated ethanol exposure during late gestation decreases nephron endowment in fetal sheep
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2008; 295(2): R568 - R574.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
V. M. Vehaskari
Programming of hypertension: the nervous kidney
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, July 1, 2008; 295(1): F27 - F28.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
F. Salazar, V. Reverte, F. Saez, A. Loria, M. T. Llinas, and F. J. Salazar
Age- and Sodium-Sensitive Hypertension and Sex-Dependent Renal Changes in Rats With a Reduced Nephron Number
Hypertension, April 1, 2008; 51(4): 1184 - 1189.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
V. Zohdi, K. M. Moritz, K. J. Bubb, M. L. Cock, N. Wreford, R. Harding, and M. J. Black
Nephrogenesis and the renal renin-angiotensin system in fetal sheep: effects of intrauterine growth restriction during late gestation
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): R1267 - R1273.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
C. S. Wyrwoll, P. J. Mark, and B. J. Waddell
Developmental Programming of Renal Glucocorticoid Sensitivity and the Renin-Angiotensin System
Hypertension, September 1, 2007; 50(3): 579 - 584.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
D. Grigore, N. B. Ojeda, E. B. Robertson, A. S. Dawson, C. A. Huffman, E. A. Bourassa, R. C. Speth, K. B. Brosnihan, and B. T. Alexander
Placental insufficiency results in temporal alterations in the renin angiotensin system in male hypertensive growth restricted offspring
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): R804 - R811.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
S. P. Bagby
Maternal Nutrition, Low Nephron Number, and Hypertension in Later Life: Pathways of Nutritional Programming
J. Nutr., April 1, 2007; 137(4): 1066 - 1072.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
R. R. Singh, L. A. Cullen-McEwen, M. M. Kett, W.-M. Boon, J. Dowling, J. F. Bertram, and K. M. Moritz
Prenatal corticosterone exposure results in altered AT1/AT2, nephron deficit and hypertension in the rat offspring
J. Physiol., March 1, 2007; 579(2): 503 - 513.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
A. Dagan, J. Gattineni, V. Cook, and M. Baum
Prenatal programming of rat proximal tubule Na+/H+ exchanger by dexamethasone
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2007; 292(3): R1230 - R1235.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
G. Cambonie, B. Comte, C. Yzydorczyk, T. Ntimbane, N. Germain, N. L. O. Le, P. Pladys, C. Gauthier, I. Lahaie, D. Abran, et al.
Antenatal antioxidant prevents adult hypertension, vascular dysfunction, and microvascular rarefaction associated with in utero exposure to a low-protein diet
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2007; 292(3): R1236 - R1245.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
N. B. Ojeda, D. Grigore, L. L. Yanes, R. Iliescu, E. B. Robertson, H. Zhang, and B. T. Alexander
Testosterone contributes to marked elevations in mean arterial pressure in adult male intrauterine growth restricted offspring
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2007; 292(2): R758 - R763.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
A.-M. Samuelsson, C. Alexanderson, J. Molne, B. Haraldsson, P. Hansell, and A. Holmang
Prenatal exposure to interleukin-6 results in hypertension and alterations in the renin-angiotensin system of the rat
J. Physiol., September 15, 2006; 575(3): 855 - 867.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
S. P. Bagby
Developmental Origins of Hypertension: Biology Meets Statistics
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2006; 17(9): 2356 - 2358.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
K. Zandi-Nejad, V. A. Luyckx, and B. M. Brenner
Adult Hypertension and Kidney Disease: The Role of Fetal Programming
Hypertension, March 1, 2006; 47(3): 502 - 508.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
B. T. Alexander
Fetal programming of hypertension
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2006; 290(1): R1 - R10.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
J. A. Armitage, L. Lakasing, P. D. Taylor, A. A. Balachandran, R. I. Jensen, V. Dekou, N. Ashton, J. R. Nyengaard, and L. Poston
Developmental programming of aortic and renal structure in offspring of rats fed fat-rich diets in pregnancy
J. Physiol., May 15, 2005; 565(1): 171 - 184.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
J. S. Gilbert, A. L. Lang, A. R. Grant, and M. J. Nijland
Maternal nutrient restriction in sheep: hypertension and decreased nephron number in offspring at 9 months of age
J. Physiol., May 15, 2005; 565(1): 137 - 147.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
V. Sahajpal and N. Ashton
Increased glomerular angiotensin II binding in rats exposed to a maternal low protein diet in utero
J. Physiol., February 15, 2005; 563(1): 193 - 201.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
J. Manning and V. M. Vehaskari
Postnatal modulation of prenatally programmed hypertension by dietary Na and ACE inhibition
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): R80 - R84.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
287/2/F262    most recent
00055.2004v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (34)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Vehaskari, V. M.
Right arrow Articles by Manning, J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Vehaskari, V. M.
Right arrow Articles by Manning, J.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Visit Other APS Journals Online
Copyright © 2004 by the American Physiological Society.