AJP - Renal Ad Instruments
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290: F1163-F1168, 2006. First published October 18, 2005; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00301.2005
0363-6127/06 $8.00
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
290/5/F1163    most recent
00301.2005v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (4)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Wei, Y.
Right arrow Articles by Wang, W.-H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Wei, Y.
Right arrow Articles by Wang, W.-H.

Adenosine inhibits ENaC via cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase-dependent metabolites of arachidonic acid

Yuan Wei,1 Peng Sun,1 ZhiJian Wang,1 BaoFeng Yang,2 Mairead A. Carroll,1 and Wen-Hui Wang1

1Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and 2Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China

Submitted 27 July 2005 ; accepted in final form 13 October 2005


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 GRANTS
 REFERENCES
 
We used the patch-clamp technique to examine the effect of adenosine on epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity in rat cortical collecting duct (CCD). Application of adenosine inhibits ENaC activity, and the effect of adenosine was mimicked by cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), an A1 adenosine-receptor agonist that reduced channel activity from 1.32 to 0.64. The inhibitory effect of CHA on ENaC was mimicked by cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), which reduced channel activity from 1.1 to 0.55. In contrast, application of CGS-21680, an A2a adenosine-receptor agonist, had no effect on ENaC and increased channel activity from 0.96 to 1.22. This suggests that the inhibitory effect of adenosine analogs resulted from stimulation of the A1 adenosine receptor. Inhibition of PLC with U-73122 failed to abolish the effect of CHA on ENaC. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of CHA on ENaC was absent in the presence of the PLA2 inhibitor arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3). This suggests a role of arachidonic acid (AA) in mediating the effect of adenosine on ENaC. To determine the metabolic pathway of AA responsible for the effect of adenosine, we examined the effect of CHA in the presence of indomethacin or N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide (MS-PPOH). Inhibition of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) epoxygenase with MS-PPOH blocked the effect of CHA on ENaC. In contrast, CHA reduced ENaC activity in the presence of indomethacin. This suggests that CYP epoxygenase-dependent metabolites of AA mediate the effect of adenosine. Because 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-EET) inhibits ENaC activity in the CCD (Wei Y, Lin DH, Kemp R, Yaddanapudi GSS, Nasjletti A, Falck JR, and Wang WH. J Gen Physiol 124: 719–727, 2004), we examined the role of 11,12-EET in mediating the effect of adenosine on ENaC. Addition of 11,12-EET inhibited ENaC channels in the CCD in which adenosine-induced inhibition was blocked by AACOCF3. We conclude that adenosine inhibits ENaC activity by stimulation of the A1 adenosine receptor in the CCD and that the effect of adenosine is mediated by 11,12-EET.

epithelial sodium channel; phospholipase A2; phospholipase C; protein kinase C; collecting duct; adenosine receptor

THE CORTICAL COLLECTING DUCT (CCD) and connecting tubule (CT) play an important role in the hormone-regulated Na+ absorption and K+ secretion (3, 4, 8, 19). Na+ transport in the CCD and CT takes place by a two-step process: Na+ enters the cell through epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) across the apical membrane and is extruded via Na-K-ATPase in the basolateral membrane. It is generally accepted that apical Na+ permeability or ENaC activity is a rate-limiting step for Na+ absorption in the CCD and CT (3, 25, 27). ENaC activity in the CT and CCD is regulated by hormones such as aldosterone (11, 18, 27) and by a Na+ diet such that a high-Na+ diet has been shown to suppress apical Na+ conductance (16) and expression of the ENaC {alpha}-subunit (12). Although decreased plasma aldosterone levels induced by high Na+ intake should play a key role in the downregulation of ENaC activity, it is possible that factors other than aldosterone also may be involved in inhibiting ENaC activity. In this regard, it has been shown that high Na+ intake increases adenosine concentrations in the kidney (32). However, the role of adenosine in the regulation of ENaC activity in the CCD is not completely understood.

Several studies have shown that the A1 adenosine receptor is expressed in the CCD (28, 30). Thus it is conceivable that increased adenosine levels induced by high Na intake may activate A1 adenosine receptors in the CCD. Stimulation of A1 adenosine receptor has been shown to decrease cAMP production, increase intracellular Ca2+, and stimulate phospholipase A2 (PLA2) (1) (23). Because decreases in cAMP or increases in intracellular Ca2+ or arachidonic acid (AA) have been reported to inhibit ENaC activity (6, 20, 29), it has been suggested that stimulation of the adenosine receptor may affect ENaC activity. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to examine the effect of adenosine on ENaC activity and to illustrate the mechanism by which adenosine inhibits ENaC activity.


   METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 GRANTS
 REFERENCES
 
Preparation of CCDs. Pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats of either sex (5–6 wk) were purchased from Taconic Farms (Germantown, NY). Rats were maintained on a Na+-deficient diet for 3–5 days to increase the surface expression of ENaC. Rats were killed by cervical dislocation, and the kidneys were removed immediately. The animal use protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of New York Medical College. We cut the kidneys into several thin slices (<1 mm) for further dissection, and the kidney slices were placed in an ice-cold Ringer solution. The CCDs were isolated with watch-make forceps under a stereomicroscope. The isolated CCD was placed on a 5 x 5-mm cover glass coated with polylysine, and the cover glass was transferred to a chamber (1,000 µl) mounted on an inverted Nikon microscope. The CCDs were superfused with HEPES-buffered NaCl solution, and the temperature of the chamber was maintained at 37 ± 1°C by circulating warm water surrounding the chamber. The CCD was cut open with a sharpened micropipette to gain access to the apical membrane.

Patch-clamp technique. An Axon 200A patch-clamp amplifier was used to record channel current, which was low-pass filtered at 50 Hz by an eight-pole Bessel filter (902LPF; Frequency Devices, Haverhill, MA). The Na+ current was recorded and digitized by an Axon interface (Digidata 1200). Data were analyzed using pCLAMP software (system 7.0; Axon). Channel activity defined as NPo was calculated from data samples of 60-s duration in the steady state as follows:

Formula 1(1)
where ti is the fractional open time spent at each of the observed current levels. The channel conductance was calculated by recording the current at three holding potentials. Because ENaC channel numbers varied in each patch from 1 to more than 10, it was very hard to determine the real channel-closure line if more than five channels were in the patch. Thus we selected the patches in which fewer than five channel current levels were identified. Also, we sometimes used a ruler to measure the channel closed and open duration if channel activity could not be analyzed with software.

Solution and statistics. The bath solution contained (in mM) 140 NaCl, 5 KCl, 1.8 CaCl2, 1.8 MgCl2, and 10 HEPES (pH 7.4). The pipette solution was composed of (in mM) 140 NaCl, 1.8 MgCl2, and 5 HEPES (pH 7.4). Indomethacin, adenosine, cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), and CGS-21680 were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO), and 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-EET), the trifluoromethyl ketone analog of arachidonic acid (AACOCF3), and U-73122 were obtained from Biomol (Plymouth Meeting, PA). N-methylsulfonyl-12,12-dibromododec-11-enamide (DDMS) and N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide (MS-PPOH) were synthesized by Dr. J. R. Falck's laboratory (Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX). The data are presented as means ± SE. We used paired and unpaired Student's t-tests to determine the statistical significance. If the P value was <0.05, the difference was considered to be significant.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 GRANTS
 REFERENCES
 
The ENaC activity in the CCD from rats on a Na+-deficient diet for 3–5 days varied from 0.1 to 3.21, and the mean NPo was 1.36 ± 0.18 (n = 20). We first examined the effect of adenosine (10 µM) on ENaC in the CCD, and Fig. 1 shows a recording indicating that adenosine inhibited ENaC activity from 1.5 ± 0.2 to 0.6 ± 0.1 (n = 5). Because the A1 adenosine receptor has been shown to be expressed in the CCD, we studied the effect of adenosine analog on ENaC activity in cell-attached patches. Figure 2 shows a channel recording indicating the effect of CHA (10 µM) on ENaC. It is apparent from Fig. 2 that the addition of CHA inhibited ENaC activity. Typically, we were able to see the inhibitory effect of CHA within 10 min. Although we observed a complete recovery of ENaC activity after washout of CHA in only one of seven patches, the effect of CHA was reversible, because we observed the ENaC activity after washout when we patched the same cell again. The low success rate in observing the full recovery was due to the fact that it was very hard technically to hold the same patch for over 30 min. Data summarized in Fig. 3 show that CHA reduced channel activity from 1.32 ± 0.42 to 0.64 ± 0.27 (n = 7).


Figure 1
View larger version (22K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 1. A channel recording showing the effect of 10 µM adenosine on epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) in a cell-attached patch. The channel closed level (C) is indicated by a dotted line. Holding potential was –60 mV (hyperpolarization).

 

Figure 2
View larger version (9K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 2. A channel recording showing the effect of 10 µM cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) on ENaC in a cell-attached patch. The channel-closed level (C) is indicated by a dotted line.

 

Figure 3
View larger version (11K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 3. Effect of CHA (10 µM), cyclopentyladenosine (CPA; 1 µM), and CGS-21680 (CGS; 1 µM) on ENaC activity. The experiments were performed in cell-attached patches. NPo, channel activity. *P < 0.05 compared with corresponding control value.

 
Although CHA is an agonist of the A1 adenosine receptor (5), CHA at high concentrations can also increase cAMP production (26). Thus we used CPA, another agonist of the A1 adenosine receptor, to determine whether CPA could mimic the effect of CHA and inhibit ENaC. Data summarized in Fig. 3 demonstrate that addition of CPA (1 µM) decreased ENaC activity in cell-attached patches from 1.1 ± 0.13 to 0.55 ± 0.1 (n = 8). The hypothesis that the inhibitory effects of CHA and CPA are the result of stimulating the A1 adenosine receptor was further supported by the observation that addition of CGS-21680, an agonist of the A2a adenosine receptor (17), had no significant effect on ENaC activity (Fig. 3). Application of 1 µM CGS-21680 increased NPo from 0.96 ± 0. 20 to 1.22 ± 0. 22 (n = 4). However, the difference was not significant.

After demonstrating that the inhibitory effect of the adenosine analog was mediated by stimulation of the A1 adenosine receptor, we examined the signaling pathway that mediates the effect of adenosine. Stimulation of the A1 adenosine receptor has been shown to activate PLC and PLA2 (23). Thus we first examined the effect of CHA on ENaC in the presence of the PLC inhibitor. Figure 4 summarizes results from eight patches in which the effect of CHA on ENaC was examined in the presence of U-73122 (1 µM). Inhibition of PLC did not significantly alter channel activity (control, 1.36 ± 0.20 and U-73122, 1.38 ± 0.26). However, in the presence of U-73122, addition of CHA significantly reduced ENaC activity to 0.9 ± 0.1 (n = 8). We also examined the effect of inhibiting PLA2 on ENaC activity and observed that addition of AACOCF3 (1 µM), an inhibitor of PLA2, did not change channel activity (control, 1.26 ± 0.2 and AACOCF3, 1.28 ± 0.21) (Fig. 4). We then tested the effect of CHA on ENaC in the continuous presence of AACOCF3. Figure 5 shows a typical channel recording indicating that addition of CHA failed to inhibit ENaC activity in the presence of AACOCF3. From six experiments, NPo after CHA was 1.18 ± 0.17 (n = 6), a value that was not significantly different from the control value (1.28 ± 0.21). Thus blockade of PLA2 abolished the inhibitory effect of CHA.


Figure 4
View larger version (15K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 4. Effect of CHA on ENaC in the presence of arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3; 1 µM) and U-73122 (1 µM). The experiments were carried out in cell-attached patches. *P < 0.05 compared with corresponding control value.

 

Figure 5
View larger version (10K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 5. A channel recording showing the effect of CHA on ENaC in the presence of AACOCF3. The channel-closed level (C) is indicated by a dotted line.

 
We have previously shown that AA inhibited ENaC activity in the CCD and that the inhibitory effect of AA was mediated by 11,12-EET (29). After showing that PLA2 was involved in mediating the effect of the adenosine analog on ENaC, we explored whether cytochrome P-450 (CYP) epoxygenase-dependent AA metabolites were responsible for the effect of stimulating the A1 adenosine receptor. We examined the effect of CHA on ENaC in the presence of MS-PPOH, an inhibitor of CYP epoxygenase. We confirmed the previous finding that inhibition of CYP epoxygenase slightly increased ENaC activity (1.68 ± 0.29, n = 5) (Fig. 6). Moreover, in the presence of MS-PPOH, application of CHA did not significantly alter ENaC activity (Fig. 7), which was 1.50 ± 0.25 (Fig. 6). In contrast, inhibition of cyclooxygenase did not abolish the inhibitory effect of CHA, because CHA reduced channel activity to 0.62 ± 0.2 in the presence of indomethacin (Fig. 6). Thus inhibition of CYP epoxygenase abolished the effect of CHA on ENaC.


Figure 6
View larger version (12K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 6. Effect of CHA on ENaC in the presence of N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide (MS-PPOH; 5 µM) and indomethacin (5 µM). The experiments were carried out in cell-attached patches. *P < 0.05 compared with corresponding control value.

 

Figure 7
View larger version (10K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 7. A channel recording showing the effect of CHA on ENaC in the presence of MS-PPOH. The channel-closed level (C) is indicated by a dotted line. The experiment was performed in a cell-attached patch.

 
After demonstrating that the inhibitory effect of CHA on ENaC can be abolished by blocking either PLA2 or CYP epoxygenase, we tested whether 11,12-EET mediates the effect of CHA, because 11,12-EET has been shown to mediate the AA-induced inhibition of ENaC (29). If 11,12-EET is responsible for the adenosine-induced inhibition of ENaC, addition of 11,12-EET should block Na channels even in the presence of CHA and AACOCF3 or MS-PPOH. Figure 8 shows a typical recording demonstrating that addition of 100 nM 11,12-EET blocked the ENaC activity from 1.37 ± 0.16 to 0.44 ± 0,08 (n = 6) in the cells in which the inhibitory effect of CHA was blocked by PLA2 inhibitor.


Figure 8
View larger version (12K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 8. A channel recording showing the effect of CHA + AACOCF3 and 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-EET) + CHA + AACOCF3. The channel-closed level (C) is indicated by a dotted line. The experiment was performed in a cell-attached patch.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
GRANTS
 REFERENCES
 
In the present study, we demonstrated that adenosine inhibited ENaC activity in the CCD and that the effect of adenosine on ENaC was abolished by blocking PLA2 or the CYP epoxygenase-dependent metabolic pathway of AA. These findings suggest that the effect of adenosine on ENaC is mediated by the CYP epoxygenase-dependent metabolites of AA. Our previous experiments showed that AA inhibited ENaC activity and that the effect of AA was specific, because other fatty acids failed to inhibit ENaC (29). Also, the observation that inhibition of CYP epoxygenase but not the blocking of cyclooxygenase abolished the effect of AA indicated that the effect of AA on ENaC was mediated by the CYP epoxygenase-dependent metabolic pathway of AA. Moreover, three lines of evidence suggest that 11,12-EET mediates the effect of AA on ENaC: 1) addition of 11,12-EET but not other EETs mimics the effect of AA and inhibits ENaC activity; 2) CYP2C23, a major isoform of CYP epoxygenase in the kidney that is able to convert AA to 11,12-EET is expressed in the CCD; and 3) 11,12-EET is detected in the isolated CCDs. Because CYP2C23 expression is upregulated by high Na+ intake (Capdevila JH, personal communication), we proposed that 11,12-EET may have a role in suppressing Na+ conductance in the CCD in response to high Na+ intake.

In the present study, we have provided evidence that CYP epoxygenase-dependent metabolites of AA are responsible for the effect of adenosine on ENaC. First, inhibition of CYP epoxygenase activity abolished the CHA-induced inhibition of ENaC. Second, addition of 11,12-EET was able to inhibit ENaC activity in the presence of AACOCF3, indicating that 11,12-EET is a downstream molecule that mediates the effect of adenosine. Three types of adenosine receptors, A1, A2a, and A2b, are expressed in the kidney (10, 17). Stimulation of the A1 receptor has been shown to inhibit adenylate cyclase, decrease cAMP levels, and stimulate PKC and PLA2 (26). In contrast, stimulation of the A2a or A2b receptor has been reported to increase cAMP production and stimulate PKA (26). Although the classic effect of stimulating the A1 adenosine receptor is to activate PLC, this possibility is not supported by the observation that inhibition of PLC failed to abolish the inhibitory effect of CHA on ENaC. However, the finding that inhibition of PLA2 abolished the effect of CHA on ENaC activity suggests strongly that the adenosine-induced decreases in ENaC activity is the result of stimulation of the A1 adenosine receptor, which increases the activity of PLA2 pathway.

In the present study, we used CHA to stimulate the adenosine receptor. Although CHA at low concentrations (<100 nM) has been considered to be a specific A1 adenosine-receptor agonist (1, 26), at high concentrations (>1 µM) CHA can also stimulate the A2a adenosine receptor and increase cAMP generation (1, 26). However, two lines of evidence suggest that the effect of CHA on ENaC is the result of stimulation of the A1 adenosine receptor: 1) the effect of CHA can be mimicked by CPA, another specific A1 adenosine-receptor agonist; and 2) addition of CGS-21680, an agonist of the A2a adenosine receptor, has no inhibitory effect on ENaC. Also, it is well known that stimulation of a cAMP-dependent pathway increases ENaC activity, rather than inhibition (7). In this regard, it has been reported that CHA increases Na+ transport in A6 cells (13). It is possible that A6 cells do not have CYP epoxygenase activity, because the enzyme is almost absent under the cell culture conditions (Schwartzman ML, personal communication). Therefore, CHA may not able to stimulate A1 adenosine receptors and increase 11,12-EET levels that inhibit Na+ transport in the cultured A6 cells. Instead, CHA may increase cAMP levels and stimulate Na+ transport under such conditions. Thus our data support the notion that the effect of CHA and CPA is the result of stimulation of the A1 adenosine receptor in the kidney.

The A1 adenosine receptor has been found to be expressed in the collecting duct (28, 30). Moreover, an increase in Na+ intake has been demonstrated to increase renal interstitial fluid adenosine levels more than 10-fold (24, 32). Although Western blot analysis has shown that the expression of A1 receptors in renal cortex and medulla from rats on a 4% Na+ diet decreased compared with those on a 1% Na+ diet (32), the location where the expression of A1 adenosine receptors decreased was not specifically identified in that study. Because adenosine receptors, including the A1 type, are highly expressed in the vascular structure in the kidney (22), it is possible that decreases in A1 adenosine receptors may mainly occur in the vascular structure rather than in renal tubules. Decreases in A1 adenosine receptors in vascular structure would have a physiological significance, because decreased expression of A1 adenosine receptors should favor a vasodilation in the afferent arteriole of glomerulus and increase the glomerular filtration rate, leading to increases in renal Na+ excretion during high Na+ intake. On the other hand, we speculate that increases in adenosine levels induced by high Na+ intake should stimulate the A1 adenosine receptor and suppress the Na+ absorption in the CCD. However, our experiments were performed in the CCD from rats on a Na+-deficient diet rather than a high-Na+ diet, so it is not possible to know whether the effect of adenosine on ENaC would be the same in animals on high Na+. Because ENaC activity is suppressed in the CCD from rats on a high-Na+ diet, it is difficult to conduct such a study in rats on a high-Na+ diet. Therefore, we can only speculate that adenosine may inhibit ENaC in the CCD from rats on a high-Na+ diet, too. In addition to inhibiting ENaC, adenosine can decrease Na+ excretion by constriction of the afferent arteriole. If adenosine-induced vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole is predominant, the net effect of adenosine on renal Na+ transport is to cause a severe Na+ retention. This may explain the clinical finding that increased adenosine levels in liver during hepatorenal reflex is closely related to a significant decrease in Na+ excretion.

The physiological role of adenosine in the regulation of renal function has been well explored (15). Adenosine has been shown to regulate the glomerular filtration rate, renin release, and epithelial transport in the kidney (10). Also, adenosine has been demonstrated to play an important role in mediating tubuloglomerular feedback. Now, we have demonstrated that adenosine inhibits ENaC activity. Because adenosine levels in the interstitial fluids increase in response to high Na+ intake, it is possible that A1 adenosine receptors are involved in stimulation of renal Na+ excretion during high Na+ intake. In this regard, it has been shown that the expression of CYP2C23/Cyp2C44, which is a major isoform of CYP epoxygenase in the kidney and is responsible for making 11,12-EET (21), is regulated by Na+ intake: a high Na+ intake increases, whereas a low Na+ intake decreases the expression of the enzyme (2, 9, 14, 31). Figure 9 shows a scheme illustrating a possible mechanism by which adenosine regulates ENaC activity. We propose that high Na+ intake increases the adenosine levels and stimulates A1 adenosine receptors in the CCD. Because CYP epoxygenase expression also is upregulated by high Na+ intake, adenosine should increase 11,12-EET release and inhibit ENaC activity. We conclude that adenosine inhibits ENaC activity in the CCD by stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors and that the effect of adenosine is mediated by a CYP epoxygenase-dependent pathway of AA.


Figure 9
View larger version (10K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 9. A cell scheme illustrating a possible mechanism by which adenosine inhibits ENaC activity in the cortical collecting duct via 11,12-EET. The location of A1-adenosine receptor (A1) is only a speculation. AA, arachidonic acid; PLA2, phospholipase A2; CYP2C23, a major isoform of cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase in the kidney that is able to convert AA to 11,12-EET.

 

   GRANTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 GRANTS
REFERENCES
 
This work was supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Grant HL-34300.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Dr. A. Nasjletti for stimulating discussions.


   FOOTNOTES
 

Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: W.-H. Wang, Dept. of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 (e-mail: wenhui_wang{at}nymc.edu)

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 GRANTS
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Burnatowska-Hledin MA and Spielman WS. Effects of adenosine on cAMP production and cytosolic Ca in cultured rabbit medullary thick ascending limb cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 260: C143–C150, 1991.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Capdevila JH, Wei S, Yan J, Karara A, Jacobson HR, Falck JR, and Guengerich FP. Cytochrome P-450 arachidonic acid epoxygenase regulatory control of the renal epoxygenase by dietary salt loading. J Biol Chem 267: 21720–21726, 1992.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Eaton DC, Becchetti A, Ma H, and Ling BN. Renal sodium channels: regulation and single channel properties. Kidney Int 48: 941–949, 1995.[Web of Science][Medline]
  4. Escobar LI, Martínez-Téllez JC, Salas M, Castilla SA, Carrisoza R, Tapia D, Vázquez M, Bargas J, and Bolívar JJ. A voltage-gated K+ current in renal inner medullary collecting duct cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 286: C965–C974, 2004.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Fredholm BB, Ijzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Klotz KN, and Linden J. International union of pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 53: 527–552, 2001.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Frindt G and Palmer LG. Regulation of Na channels in the rat cortical collecting tubule: effects of cAMP and methyl donors. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 271: F1086–F1092, 1996.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Frindt G, Windhager EE, and Taylor A. Hydroosmotic response of collecting tubules to ADH or cAMP at reduced peritubular Sodium. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 243: F503–F513, 1982.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Garty H and Palmer LG. Epithelial sodium channels: function, structure, and regulation. Physiol Rev 77: 359–396, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Holla VR, Makita K, Zaphiropoulos PG, and Capdevila JH. The kidney cytochrome P450 2C23 arachidonic acid epoxygenase is upregulated during dietary salt loading. J Clin Invest 104: 751–760, 1999.[Web of Science][Medline]
  10. Jackson EK and Dubey RK. Role of the extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway in renal physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 281: F597–F612, 2001.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Kemendy AE, Kleyman TR, and Eaton DC. Aldosterone alters the open probability of amiloride-blockable sodium channels in A6 epithelia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 263: C825–C837, 1992.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Loffing J, Pietri L, Aregger F, Bloch-Faure W, Ziegler U, Meneton P, Rossier BC, and Kaissling B. Differential subcellular location of ENaC subunits in mouse kidney in response to high and low-Na diets. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 279: F252–F258, 2000.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Macala LJ and Hayslett JP. Basolateral and apical A1 adenosine receptors mediate sodium transport in cultured renal epithelial (A6) cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 283: F1216–F1225, 2002.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Makita K, Takahashi K, Kerara A, Jacobson HR, Falck JR, and Capdevila JH. Experimental and/or genetically controlled alterations of the renal microsomal cytochrome P450 epoxygenase induce hypertension in rats fed a high salt diet. J Clin Invest 94: 2414–2420, 1994.[Web of Science][Medline]
  15. Modlinger PS and Welch WJ. Adenosine A1 receptor antagonists and the kidney. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 12: 497–502, 2003.[Web of Science][Medline]
  16. Natke E Jr and Stoner LC. Na transport properties of the peritubular membrane of cortical collecting tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 242: F664–F671, 1982.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Okusa MD. A2A adenosine receptor: a novel therapeutic target in renal disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 282: F10–F18, 2002.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Pácha J, Frindt G, Antonian L, Silver RB, and Palmer LG. Regulation of Na channels of the rat cortical collecting tubule by aldosterone. J Gen Physiol 102: 25–42, 1993.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Palmer LG. Potassium secretion and the regulation of distal nephron K channels. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 277: F821–F825, 1999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Palmer LG and Frindt G. Effect of cell Ca and pH on Na channels from rat cortical collecting tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 253: F333–F339, 1987.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Roman RJ. P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid in the control of cardiovascular function. Physiol Rev 82: 131–185, 2004.
  22. Schnermann J and Levine DZ. Paracrine factor in tubuloglomerular feedback: adenosine, ATP, and nitric oxide. Annu Rev Physiol 65: 501–529, 2003.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  23. Schulte G and Fredholm BB. Signalling from adenosine receptors to mitogen-activated protein kinases. Cell Signal 15: 813–827, 2003.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  24. Siragy HM and Linden J. Sodium intake markedly alters renal interstitial fluid adenosine. Hypertension 27: 404–407, 1996.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Smith PR and Benos DJ. Epithelial Na+ channels. Annu Rev Physiol 53: 509–530, 1991.[Web of Science][Medline]
  26. Spielman WS and Arend LJ. Adenosine receptors and signaling in the kidney. Hypertension 17: 117–130, 1991.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  27. Verrey F, Hummler E, Schild L, and Rossier BC. Control of Na transport by aldosterone. In: The Kidney: Physiology &Pathophysiology, edited by Seldin DW and Giebisch G. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000, p. 1441–1472.
  28. Vitzthum H, Weiss B, Bachleitner W, Krämer BK, and Kurtz A. Gene expression of adenosine receptors along the nephron. Kidney Int 65: 1180–1190, 2004.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  29. Wei Y, Lin DH, Kemp R, Yaddanapudi GSS, Nasjletti A, Falck JR, and Wang WH. Arachidonic acid inhibits epithelial Na channel via cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase-dependent metabolic pathways. J Gen Physiol 124: 719–727, 2004.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Yamaguchi S, Umemura S, Tamura K, Iwamoto T, Nyui N, Ishgami T, and Ishii M. Adenosine A1 receptor mRNA in microdissected rat nephron segments. Hypertension 26: 1181–1185, 1995.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Zhao X, Pollock DM, Inscho EW, Zeldin DC, and Imig JD. Decreased renal cytochrome P450 2C enzymes and impaired vasodilation are associated with angiotensin salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension 41: 709–714, 2003.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  32. Zhou AP, Wu F, Li PL, and Cowley AW Jr. Effect of chronic salt loading on adenosine metabolism and receptor expression in renal cortex and medulla in rats. Hypertension 33: 511–516, 1999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
E. L. Liclican, J. C. McGiff, J. R. Falck, and M. A. Carroll
Failure to upregulate the adenosine2A receptor-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid pathway contributes to the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, December 1, 2008; 295(6): F1696 - F1704.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
Z. Wang, Y. Wei, J. R. Falck, K. R. Atcha, and W.-H. Wang
Arachidonic acid inhibits basolateral K channels in the cortical collecting duct via cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase-dependent metabolic pathways
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, June 1, 2008; 294(6): F1441 - F1447.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
L. Li, C. S. Wingo, and S.-L. Xia
Downregulation of SGK1 by nucleotides in renal tubular epithelial cells
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, November 1, 2007; 293(5): F1751 - F1757.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
R. Gu, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, W. Li, Y. Xu, H. Shan, W.-H. Wang, and B. Yang
Adenosine stimulates the basolateral 50 pS K channels in the thick ascending limb of the rat kidney
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): F299 - F305.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
P. Sun, D.-H. Lin, T. Wang, E. Babilonia, Z. Wang, Y. Jin, R. Kemp, A. Nasjletti, and W.-H. Wang
Low Na intake suppresses expression of CYP2C23 and arachidonic acid-induced inhibition of ENaC
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, December 1, 2006; 291(6): F1192 - F1200.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
M. A. Carroll, A. B. Doumad, J. Li, M. K. Cheng, J. R. Falck, and J. C. McGiff
Adenosine2A receptor vasodilation of rat preglomerular microvessels is mediated by EETs that activate the cAMP/PKA pathway
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, July 1, 2006; 291(1): F155 - F161.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
290/5/F1163    most recent
00301.2005v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (4)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Wei, Y.
Right arrow Articles by Wang, W.-H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Wei, Y.
Right arrow Articles by Wang, W.-H.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Visit Other APS Journals Online
Copyright © 2006 by the American Physiological Society.