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1 Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology 233, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: F.Russel{at}ncmls.kun.nl.
The end product of human purine metabolism is urate, which is produced primarily in the liver and excreted by the kidney through a well-defined basolateral blood-to-cell uptake step. However, apical cell-to-urine efflux mechanism has yet been unidentified. Here, we show that the renal apical organic anion efflux transporter human MRP4, but not apical MRP2, mediates ATP-dependent urate transport via a positive cooperative mechanism (Km of 1.5 ± 0.3 mM, Vmax of 47 ± 7 pmol/mg/min, and Hill coefficient of 1.7 ± 0.2). In HEK293 cells overexpressing MRP4, intracellular urate levels were lower than in control cells. Urate inhibited methotrexate transport (IC50 of 235 ± 8 µM) by MRP4, did not affect cAMP transport, whereas cGMP transport was stimulated. Urate shifted cGMP transport by MRP4 from positive cooperativity (Km and Vmax value of 180 ± 20 µM and 58 ± 4 pmol/mg/min, Hill coefficient of 1.4 ± 0.1) to single binding site kinetics (Km and Vmax value of 2.2 ± 0.9 mM and 280 ± 50 pmol/mg/min). Finally, MRP4 could transport urate simultaneously with cAMP or cGMP. We conclude that human MRP4 is a unidirectional efflux pump for urate with multiple allosteric substrate binding sites. We propose MRP4 as a candidate transporter for urinary urate excretion and suggest that MRP4 may also mediate hepatic export of urate into the circulation, because of its basolateral expression in the liver.
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