Acidosis and angiotensin II stimulate ammonia production and transport by the proximal tubule. We examined the modulatory effect of the type 1 angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan on the ability of metabolic acidosis to stimulate ammonia production and secretion by mouse S2 proximal tubule segments. Mice given NH₄Cl for 7 days developed metabolic acidosis (low serum bicarbonate concentration) and increased urinary excretion of ammonia. S2 tubule segments from acidotic mice displayed higher rates of ammonia production and secretion compared to those from control mice. However, when losartan was co-administered in vivo with NH₄Cl, both the acidosis-induced increase in urinary ammonia excretion and the adaptive increases in ammonia production and secretion of microperfused S2 segments were largely blocked. In renal cortical tissue, losartan blocked the acid-induced increase in brush border membrane NHE3 expression but had no effect on the acid-induced upregulation of phosphate-dependent glutaminase or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 in cortical homogenates. Addition of angiotensin II to the microperfusion solution enhanced ammonia secretion and production rates in tubules from NH₄Cl-treated and control mice in a losartan-inhibitable manner. These results demonstrate that a 7-day acid challenge induces an adaptive increase in ammonia production and secretion by the proximal tubule, and suggest that during metabolic acidosis, angiotensin II signaling is necessary for adaptive enhancements of ammonia excretion by the kidney and ammonia production and secretion by S2 proximal tubule segments, as mediated, in part, by angiotensin receptor-dependent enhancement of NHE3 expression.