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1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
2 Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Applied Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
3 Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
4 National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
5 Human Nutrition Unit, MRC Dunn, Cambridge, United Kingdom
6 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
7 Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
8 Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee, Tennessee, TN, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dschoell{at}nutrisci.wisc.edu.
Despite recent interest in water intake, there are few data available on water metabolism in adults. To determine the average and range of usual water intake, urine output and total body water, we administered deuterium oxide to 458 noninstitutionalised 40-79 y/o adults living in temperate climates. Urine was collected in a subset of individuals (n=280) to measure 24hr urine production using para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to insure complete collection. Preformed water intake was calculated from isotopic turnover and corrected for metabolic water and insensible water absorption from humidity. Preformed water intake, which is water from beverages and food moisture, averaged 3.0 L/d in men (range: 1.4-7.7L/d) and 2.5 L/d in women (range: 1.2-4.6L/d). Preformed water intake was lower in 70-79y/o men (2.8 L/d) than in 40-49 y/o men and was lower in 70-79 y/o women (2.3 L/d) than 40-49 and 50-59 y/o women. Urine production averaged 2.2 L/d in men (range: 0.6-4.9 L/d) and 2.2 L/d in women (0.9-6.0 L/d). There were no age-related differences in women but the 60-69 y/o men had significantly higher urine output than the 40-49 and 50-59 y/o men. Only the 70-79 y/o group included sufficient Blacks for a racial analysis. Blacks in this age group showed significantly lower preformed water intakes than the Whites. Whites had significantly higher water turnover rates than Blacks as well. Multivariate regression indicated that age, weight, height and BMI explained less than 12% of the gender specific variance in water input or urine output yet repeat measures indicated that within individual coefficient of variation was 8% for preformed water intake (n=22) and 9% for 24hr urine production (n=222). These results demonstrate that water turnover is highly variable among individuals and that little of the variance is explained by anthropometric parameters.
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