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1 Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
2 Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, A1220 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, United States; Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
3 Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, A1220 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, United States
4 Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: flnst2{at}pitt.edu.
Muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) have been identified in the urothelium, a tissue that may be involved in bladder sensory mechanisms. This study investigates the expression and function of mAChRs using cultured urothelial cells from the rat. RT-PCR established the expression of all five mAChR subtypes. Muscarinic agonists acetylcholine (ACh; 10 µM), muscarine (Musc; 20 µM) and oxotremorine methiodide (OxoM; 0.001-20 µM) elicited transient repeatable increases in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in ~50% of cells. These effects were blocked by the mAChR antagonist atropine methyl nitrate (AMN; 10 µM). The sources of [Ca2+]i changes included influx from external milieu in 63% of cells and influx from external milieu plus release from internal stores in 27% of cells. The use of specific agonists and antagonists (M1 agonist McN-A-343, 10 µM; M2, M3 antagonists AF-DX 116, 4-DAMP, 10 µM) revealed that M1, M2, M3 subtypes were involved in [Ca2+]i changes. The PLC inhibitor U-73122 (10 µM) abolished OxoM-elicited Ca2+ responses in the presence of the M2 antagonist AF-DX 116, suggesting that M1, M3 or M5 mediate [Ca2+]i increases via PLC pathway. ACh (0.1 µM), Musc (10 µM), oxotremorine sesquifumarate (OxoS; 20 µM) and McN-A-343 (1 µM) acting on M1, M2 and M3 mAChR subtypes, stimulated ATP release from cultured urothelial cells. In summary, cultured urothelial cells express functional M1, M2 and M3 mAChR subtypes whose activation results in ATP release, possibly through mechanisms involving [Ca2+]i changes.
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